cuatro mg/d versus KCl, 110±۲٫۷ mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH4 (K-cit, 0.25±۰٫۰۱ mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±۰٫۰۱ mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).
Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH4, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl
Opinions try shown just like the imply±SEM. Pee is actually compiled to possess twenty four hr during the six, 12, and you will 18 wk to decide solute account since demonstrated on the Concise Steps.
K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±۰٫۰۳ mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±۰٫۰۴; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).
K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±۰٫۶ versus KCl, 4.9±۰٫۲; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.
Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period Altersunterschied Dating Qualität Singles Dating Seite Login, P<0.05.
Solution levels of calcium supplements and you will PTH did not disagree ranging from K-cit–fed and you may KCl-provided mice, when you are serum phosphate accounts were ;fed rats ( Figure 3 ).
K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.
K-cit failed to alter the quantity of rocks formed otherwise the total amount regarding calcification on kidneys ( Figure 4 ). Most of the mice designed rocks off comparable size and you may occurrence together with comparable degrees of calcification in the kidney and you may meeting program.
Renal brick development and you can calcification was not some other inside rats provided KCl or K-cit. At the conclusion of this new 18-few days investigation, the new the amount out-of kidney rocks and you will calcification is determined by around three perceiver because the discussed on To the stage Measures. The total amount out of kidney calcification has also been computed once the discussed in the To the stage Methods. (A) User radiographs of kidneys off rats researching KCl or K-cit. Calcification scores towards photos shown are given while the a research. (B) Quantitation away from stone creation and you will calcification in every rats searching KCl or K-cit. Opinions was imply±SEM.
Visible rocks was in fact dissected out-of representative kidneys away from one another communities and you will reviewed for amazingly morphology. The fresh new diffraction habits for all examined samples had been congruent with the diffraction pattern away from biologic apatite, a limit brick ( Contour 5 , top). Having access to indication electron microscopy (TEM), most of the kidney brick crystals had a rod- otherwise needle-such as for instance profile, just as the morphology out of biologic apatite crystals ( Figure 5 , bottom) and you will in place of new octahedral crystal morphology out of CaOx.